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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Society of American Indians ： ウィキペディア英語版 Society of American Indians The Society of American Indians (1911–1923) was the first national American Indian rights organization run by and for American Indians.〔The Indian Rights Association (I.R.A.) was an American social activist group dedicated to the well being and acculturation of Native Americans. Founded in Philadelphia in 1882, the Indian Rights Associations (IRA) was highly influential in American Indian policy through the 1930s and remained involved as an organization until 1994. The organization's initial stated objective was to "''bring about the complete civilization of the Indians and their admission to citizenship.''" 19th and 20th Century groups such as the Indian Rights Association considered themselves the "friends of the Indian" but, by modern standards, had little understanding of the cultural patterns and needs of Native Americans. Although the IRA and related groups were well intentioned and some of their activities were beneficial, many policies they helped enact were destructive to Indian people in the long term.〕 The Society pioneered twentieth century Pan-Indianism, the movement promoting unity among American Indians regardless of tribal affiliation. The Society was a forum for a new generation of American Indian leaders known as Red Progressives, prominent professionals from the fields of medicine, nursing, law, government, education, anthropology and ministry, who shared the enthusiasm and faith of Progressive Era white reformers in the inevitability of progress through education and governmental action. The Society met at academic institutions, maintained a Washington, D.C. headquarters, conducted annual conferences and published a quarterly journal of American Indian literature by American Indian authors. The Society was one of the first proponents of an "American Indian Day", and was at the forefront of the fight for Indian citizenship and opening the U.S. Court of Claims to all tribes and bands in United States.〔Hazel W. Hertzberg, "The Search for an American Indian Identity: Modern Pan-Indian Movements", (hereinafter "Hertzberg"), (1971), p. 117.〕 The Indian Citizenship Law, signed on June 2, 1924, was a major achievement for the Society. The Society anticipated by decades the establishment of a federal Indian Claims Commission in 1946 to hear claims of Indian tribes against the United States, and the transfer of cases to the U.S. Court of Claims in 1978.〔Act of August 13, 1946, ch. 959, 60 Stat. 1049, Public Law 94-465, 1978.〕 The Society of American Indians was the forerunner of modern organizations such as the National Congress of American Indians. ==Pan-Indianism== The Carlisle Indian School and the Hampton Institute, off-reservation Eastern boarding schools, were well-springs of Pan-Indian leadership.〔The term Pan-Indian is seldom used by Indians, except by a few anthropologists and other intellectuals. Hertzberg, p. 291.〕 The most significant legacy of the Carlisle Indian School may have been the connections established by the students. Lifelong friendships were formed, and more importantly, ties between disparate Indian nations were forged. Launched in the hopes of Americanizing the students, the mixing of 85 Indian nations from all parts of the country also had instead the effect of "nationalizing the Indian." 〔Joane Nagel, ''American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Red Power and the Resurgence of Identity and Culture'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), p. 116.〕 Dr. Carlos Montezuma described Carlisle "as a Gibraltor, a place to think, observe and decide." 〔Peter Iverson, “Carlos Montezuma and the Changing World of American Indians”, 1982, p. 114.〕 American Indian students from Alaska to Florida represented a rich diversity of tribes and traditions. While students learned Euro-American customs, they also learned about other tribes and religions and how each tribe was subject to irrational and casual dealings by government.〔David E. Wilkins, "American Indian Politics and the American Political System, (hereinafter "Wilkins"),(2007), pp. 218–19.〕 Carlisle alumni across the nation maintained a Pan-Indian ''espirit de corps'' and they visited and communicated frequently.〔Hertzberg, p. 291.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Society of American Indians」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.